How does the Forensic Handwriting Analysis work?

The authenticity of a signature is not determined in isolation. Handwriting Analyst employ a comparative analysis, carefully analysing the disputed signature against a collection of verified genuine samples. These reference signatures or handwriting samples, known as exemplars, standards, or admitted signatures/handwritings, are obtained from the individuals claimed or alleged to have signed the document. By conducting a side-by-side comparison, Handwriting Analysts can uncover discrepancies that may indicate forgery.

What are the types of signatures and which type should be provided for Forensic Handwriting Analysis?

A fundamental principle in signature comparison is the concept of "like to like." This means that if a disputed signature is from a formal setting, then the comparison should involve other formal signatures. To ensure a robust comparison, it's essential to consider the contextual factors influencing a signature. Individuals often adapt their signing habits to suit different occasions:

• Formal Signatures (Contracts, Wills, Significant Documents): Signatures for these documents tend to be more deliberate and elaborate.

• Informal Signatures (Personal Letters, Cheques, Day-to-Day Business Matters): Signatures in these contexts are typically faster and less detailed.

• Quick Signatures (Credit Card Slips, Delivery Confirmations, Forms, etc.): Signatures in hurried situations may appear rushed and even reduced to initials.

• Initials: Initials are used in various situations, such as alongside specific clauses in contracts or at the bottom of pages, or on documents similar to those requiring careless signatures.

How can we be sure the provided signatures are real?

While we can analyse signatures for authenticity, the reliability of the "known signatures" used for comparison is paramount. Ideally, these reference signatures should originate from verifiable sources, such as official documents or cheques. For guidance on acquiring reliable reference signatures, please refer to our comparison sample sources examples (to be provided upon request).

What are "request exemplars"?

"Request exemplars" are authentic signatures or handwriting samples voluntarily provided by an individual at the request of an investigator or Handwriting Analyst. These samples are often collected under controlled conditions, such as in the presence of a witness, to ensure their authenticity. While request exemplars may not always be the most ideal reference material, they can still serve as a valuable comparison point for the Handwriting Analyst.

What Is 'natural variation' ?

Unlike the consistent output of a machine, human signatures and handwriting exhibit natural variations. These variations can include slight differences in letter size, shape, slant, or the placement of strokes. Additionally, features such as periods or underlining may be present or absent. This inherent variability within a genuine set of signatures or handwriting serves as a hallmark of authenticity. Conversely, identical signatures or handwriting may indicate forgery through tracing or electronic duplication. Handwriting Analyst analyse known signatures to establish a baseline of variability and then compare this pattern to the questioned handwriting or signature to identify any inconsistencies.

What does 'self-serving standards' imply?

This refers to the potential for bias in the selection of known signatures or handwriting exemplars used for comparison. Individuals may consciously or subconsciously choose samples that support their desired outcome. For example, to establish the authenticity of a disputed signature, a person might choose to provide exemplars that closely match it in appearance, or vice versa.